Eyes | Part, Disease, Symptom, Treatment | Aneezymedicare

This world is beautiful with a lot of beautiful colors and scenes. Wait! How would you know that this world is colorful and beautiful??? The answer is EYES. Eyes are one of the precious blessings of God; with the help of eyes, you can see your parents, pets, children, friends, nature, rain, friends, and everything you love or hate. Eyes help in adjusting and focusing on light. It sends signals to the brain to develop the picture. Without eyes, life is possible, but the spirit of life is not possible.
The eyes are the vital sense organ of the animal body as it plays its significant role in vision. To take care of your eyes, your must-have information of eyes structure, disease, symptoms, and treatment.

Location of the eye in the human body:

The human body has two eyes, one on the left side of the face and the other on the right side in the bony structure called eye socket or orbit. Orbit consists of 7 bones from facial and cranial bones. The eyeball and its appendages lie inside the eye socket.

Structure of Eye:

The human eye is beautifully build to capture light and to focus on objects just like a Camera. Parts of the eyes comprise its external and internal structure.

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE:

The outer structure of eyes consists of:

Cornea: 

The cornea is the dome-shaped outermost protective layer of your eye. It acts as a barrier and protects your watch from dirt, insects, and anything to enter your eyes. It aids in 65-75% focusing of light into eyes. Damaged to cornea leads to severe eye infection and affects your vision.

Conjunctiva: 

The conjunctiva is a transparent white tissue that lines the eyelid. It is a membrane that covers the eyelid and sclera. It protects the microbial entrance and provides lubrication to the eyes. It helps in the production of mucus and tears. There are two types of the conjunctiva:
1-Bulbar conjunctiva
2-Palpebral Conjunctiva

Sclera: 

The sclera is the whitish section of the eyeball in humans. The color of the sclera is different in different species; it consists of inflexible muscles, collagen, fibroblast, elastic fibers, glycoprotein, proteoglycan. Muscles attach to the sclera allow eye movement; the sclera helps in the protection of the eyes. Damaged to sclera leads to poor vision, light sensitivity, and pain in the eyes.

Pupil:

The pupil is the round, dark color aperture located in the iris. It helps to pass the light on the lens focus light on the retina. The intensity of light controls its size. In the dim light, the pupil expands, and in bright light pupil contracts. The muscles of the iris govern the movement of the pupil. The physician diagnosed eye disease by measuring pupil motility. 

Iris:

The iris is the most visible round, pigmented area of the eye. It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye by controlling the size of the pupil. Genes control the color of the iris, and it relates to the quantity of melanin in the iris. Iris is categorized into six colors.

• Amber

• Blue

• Brown

• Gray

• Green

• Hazel

Damaged to the iris leads to scarring, eye pressure, the drain of the eye, and glaucoma.

Interesting information:

• Green iris is rare.

• Brown iris is most common.

• Human eyes are empty from the center; that's why eye pupil appears red in photos as the camera captures the eyes' image of blood vessels.

Internal eye structure:

The internal structure of the eye is very complex and consist of the following parts:

Lens: 

The lens is the transparent, biconvex structure that lies behind the iris and pupil. It aids in focusing the light rays on the retina to make an image. Damaged to lens decreased light focusing power on retina hence lead to poor vision, blurriness, etc. It can be aid with the help of an ocular lens and sunglasses.

Fovea:

 Depression in the center of the macula consists of only cons. It plays its role in visual acuity and color discrimination. Damaged to fovea lead to undifferentiation of colors and eyesight problems. It can repair by surgery.

Macula: 

The macula is essential to the retina. It is an oval-shaped colored area near the center of the retina. It consists of high-quality rods and cons; it plays a significant role in the central vision and high resolution. Damaged to macula leads to poor vision and resolve.

Optic nerve: 

The optic nerve is the cranial nerve CN2. It consists of more than 1 million nerve fibers. It is present at the back of the eye and helps in transmitting nerve impulses to the brain. Damaged to the optic nerve leads to visual loss.

Aqueous humor:

Aqueous humor is a water-like transparent fluid present in the anterior and posterior portions of the eye. Its composition is just like plasma, but it contains less quantity of protein than plasma. It provides nutrition, pressurized state to the eye. It should not be confused with tears as it is present inside the eyes. Damaged or loss of aqueous humor leads to eyes pressure to vision loss.

Vitreous Humour: 

It is a clear-gel like fluid present in the posterior chamber of the eyes. It is present between the lens and the retina of the eyeball. It comprises 98-99% of water and a trace amount of anion, cation, collagen, ions, glucose, etc. It acts as a shock-absorber for the eye and protects your eyesight, and maintains eye shape. It works like the film of the camera. Damaged to it leads to detachment of the retina from the back wall of the eye and leads to permanent vision loss.

Retina:

The retina is the innermost, thin light-sensitive layer of the eye. It is present at the back of the eye near the optic nerve. It consists of millions of photochemical cells.
Rods: It is the type of photochemical cell. It works in lower light.

Cons: It is the type of photochemical cells. It gives us color vision.

The retina is essential to the human eye as it converts light rays to nerve signals and delivers nerve impulses through the optic nerve to the brain. Damaged to the optic nerve leads to vision loss.

What is the blind spot?

A blind spot is a site in the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina, and blood vessels leave the eyeball. There is no evidence of rods or cons (photochemical cells) are available in this region. So, the sensation of vision is not possible here; that's why it is called a blind spot in the eye. From here optic nerve leaves and connects with the brain to sense vision.

How Eye forms an image???

Light from outside falls on the cornea. The cornea focuses on the light and is regulates by the pupil and focused on the retina. The retina converts the light rays into an electric signal(impulse). These nerve impulses pass through the optic nerve and send the brain's a signal in the optic lobe (the back part of the brain involved with vision). This part utilizes nerve impulses and forms a picture (image) of the object.

EYES DISORDERS:

Eyes disorders are common nowadays because of increasing pollution, ozone depletion, global warming, digital devices, increased eye pressure, etc.

Glaucoma:

• Glaucoma is a group of eye infections that damages the optic nerve and leads to poor vision or complete blindness.

• Its causes include high eye pressure (Intraocular pressure), genetics, medical condition (like diabetes, high blood pressure, sickle cell anemia, etc.), senile, etc.

• Its symptoms include poor vision, blurred vision, rainbow-colored rings around the light, loss of peripheral or side vision, red eyes, headache, intense eye pain, etc.

• Glaucoma is the rising cause of blindness in old age.

• Its treatment includes prescribed eye drops, medication, laser treatment, and in severe cases, surgery is required.

Dry eye syndrome:

• It is the condition at which your eye cannot produce enough tears, and unable to produce enough tears, and unable to make a normal layer of tears coat your eyes.

• Its causes include staring at the digital device or reading for a long time, living in a daily environment, laser surgery, allergy, deficiency of tear glands, certain health diseases, sedentary lifestyle, and aging.

• Its symptoms include blurriness, light sensitivity, irritation in the eyes, red eyes, excess watering of eyes, rheum (eye-discharge).

• Its treatment includes prescribed eye drop, cleaning your eyelids, applying a warm washcloth, turning on a humidifier, and staying away from the pollution.

• Dry eyes syndrome leads to eye inflammation, corneal ulcer, and permanent vision loss.

Refractive error:

• Refractive error is the eye disorder to focus light generally on the retina due to the eyeball's shape, so that eye cannot make a clear image, and blurriness occurs.

• Refractive error occurs due to change in the eyeball (eyeball grows too short or too long), abnormal shape of the cornea, aging lens, etc.

• Its symptoms include double vision, hazy vision, seeing a halo around a light, squinting, headache, eyes tiredness, trouble when reading or looking at a computer.

• Treatment of refractive index is incurable, but you can improve your vision by using a contact lens or wearing glasses.

Some of the types of refractive error are:

1- Myopia: 

Myopia is Nearsightedness. It is the inability to see distant objects.

2- Hyperopia: 

Hyperopia is Farsightedness. It is the inability to see near objects.

3- Astigmatism: 

Astigmatism is blurred vision. An unusual shape of the cornea causes it.

4- Presbyopia: 

Loss of near vision with age.

Macular Degeneration:

• It is a type of eye disease in which macular (part of the retina) is breaking down and results in loss of central vision and severe case, permanent loss of vision occurs in older people of age above 60.

• It is an age-related disorder (common in people above 60). It is genetically inherited. People are at risk of macular degeneration who smoke or have health issues (obesity, cardiovascular disorders). 

• Its symptoms include reducing central vision, need for brightness, retinal damage, blurriness, metamorphosis, seeing pigmented ring (gray-green membrane).
• There is no well-recognized treatment for dry macular degeneration, but vision aids can improve your life. Wet macular degeneration requires regular eye injection and photodynamic therapy (light treatment) to prevent further vision loss. 

• Macular degeneration develops in one eye, and if left untreated, it affects other eyes, and loss of vision and blurriness occurs in the worst loss of vision (blindness).

• There are two types of Macular degeneration: 

1-Dry Macular degeneration:

 Dry macular degeneration is Macular joint degeneration; it happens due to thinning of the macula. Its causes include central vision loss and blurriness.

2-Wet Macular degeneration: 

Wet macular degeneration is a chronic disease. It occurs due to the abnormal drainage of fluid or blood into the macula, leading to blurry eyesight or blind spots in the Visual field. 

Cataract: 

• A cataract is a state in which the eye develops a cloudy area in the lens and leads to vision problems. 

• It mainly causes by old age, hypertension, Ultraviolet radiation, injury, high myopia, inherited genetically, Medical conditions (diabetics). It occurs when protein in the lens starts to break down and begin producing clumps. 

• Its symptoms include blurriness, double vision, seeing halos around light, fading of colors, sudden eye pain.

• Character develops in one eye, and if left neglected, it affects another eye. 

• Its treatment includes surgery (removal of the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens).

Diabetics Retinopathy:

• It is a condition in diabetic patients in which high sugar levels damage the retina's blood vessels, and hence vision loss occurs.

• It causes by poor control of sugar levels in the body (mainly in diabetics patients).

• Its symptoms are mild at the initial stage, and then gradually, vision loss occurs. Moreover, its symptoms include shape floating in the field of vision, blurred or patchy vision, eye pain, and redness. 

• It affects the eyes and leads to the worst vision problems.

• Its treatment includes laser treatment, eye injection, and in severe cases, surgery requires. 

Amblyopia:

• It is also known as Lazy eye. It is when the brain fails to receive a proper vision from one of the two eyes. It is due to a lack of brain and eye collaboration. 

• It causes by many factors, including malnutrition, muscle imbalance of eyes and eye disease, etc.

• Its symptoms include the abnormal position of the eyeball (either upward, downward, outward, inward), poor depth perception, double vision, blurred vision. Eyes do not appear to work tighter.

Retinal detachment:

• It affects the interaction between signals from two eyes.

• Its treatment includes patching, atropine eye drops, optical penalization of the non-amblyopic eye.

• Retinal detachment is the disorder in which the retina detaches from the back wall of the eye. 

• It causes by aging, eye injury, or sudden trauma.

• It doesn't give any warning signs at the initial state. Its symptoms that appear sudden include a floater's appearances, photopsia (floating of light vision in one or both eyes), blurred vision, reduced peripheral vision, cloudiness in your visual field.

• It leads to blindness in the defective eye.

• Its treatment includes Vitrectomy (substitution of jelly inside the eye), Sclera buckling (push the wall of eye and retina close together, pneumatic retinopexy (injection of a gas bubble in eyes to push retina against the back of eyes).

Color blindness:

• Color blindness is when the affected person cannot see colors and define different shades of colors.

• Color blindness is common in men than in women. It is an X-linked recessive inheritance disorder. Color blindness run in families in a zig-zag manner (from maternal grandfather to grandson through carrier mother) It is also occurring due to disease, drugs, chemical, etc. It never passes directly from father to son. It also occurs due to infection, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc.

• Its symptoms include confusion with color differentiation (red with back, orange, yellow, browns, greens, etc.), the appearance of dull color than normal vision.

• There is no well-known treatment for color blindness, but special glasses help identify colors and their shade, and the patient can live everyday life.

• There are three types of color blindness.

1- Monochromat:

They can perceive only one color. The monochromatic patient is true to color blind. In monochromatic patients, there is only one cone available, and two are absent. A patient can perceive only one color and its shades, whose cone is present. For instance, in blue color monochromacy, both red and green cone cells are absent.2- Dichromatic:
The dichromatic person can perceive two primary colors and their shades but cannot perceive the primary color and shade whose cone is missing. There are three dichromatic states.
1-Protanopia: 
Red color blindness. The person is unable to see the red color and its shades.
2-Deuteranopia: 
Green color blindness. The person is unable to see the green color and its shades.
3-Tritanopia: 
Blue color blindness. The person is unable to see the blue color and its shades.

Some rare cases of dichromacy:

*   Some people can detect red and green but with an altered perception of these colors' relative shades. They have abnormal but still functional opsin. They are called Protanomalous (Red weakness) and Deuteranomalous (Green weakness).3- Trichromatic:
It is normal color vision. It has three active functional opsins sensitive to 3 primary colors (Red, green, blue).

What is opsin?

An opsin is a group of proteins made of light-absorbing protein. They are present in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. It is present in the cone cells of the retina. Color vision base on three different kinds of cone cells in the retina. Sensitive to only one of the three primary colors (Red, Green, Blue). The genes for red and green opsin are present on X-chromosomes, while the genes for blue opsin are present on autosome 7 (chromosome). Mutation in opsin genes causes three types of color blindness, and this color blindness runs into families in a zig-zag manner.

Evidence of defect in Eyes:

• The most evident symptoms of the defect in the eyes are Poor vision.

• 
  

• Farsightedness

• Sharp pain in the eyes

• Blurriness, color, or dim vision

• Night blindness

• Faded views of color

• Seeing halos around the lights

• Change in iris color

• Crossed eye

• Double vision

• Dry eye with itching or burning

• Cloudy vision

• Excess discharge or tearing

The common treatment for the defected eye:

• Some treatment for eye disorders are: Use of optic lens and glasses

• Ocular decongestants

• Special eye-drops

• Nutritional supplement

• Prescribed Eye medicine

• Artificial tears (to lubricate the eye)

Diet bless for Eyes health:

For beautiful, bulging eyes and excellent vision, eat well and drink plenty of water. Here is a diet plan for eye health.

• Fruits (citrus fruit)

• Oysters and fish (oil fish, particularly salmon)

• Eggs

• Dry fruits

• Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, carrot, cucumber, etc.

• Orange and carrot juices.

What to do to avoid eye disease?

Here are some healthy eye tips, the person who adopts them can live a life with beautiful and defect-free eyes.

• Quit smoking, alcohol

• Stop the use of narcotics, tobacco, and other chemical drugs.

• Stay hydrated and fit.

• Get enough vitamins, minerals, and the carotenoids 

• Do regular exercise

• Minimize the use of the digital screen.

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